'little papyrus books') : 19 was 'an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books'. a Christian Bible, containing both the Old and New Testaments.the definitive Masoretic Text of the Tanakh, called the Hebrew Bible.the Septuagint, an ancient Koine Greek translation of the Tanakh and additional materials.the religious texts known as the Tanakh the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.The term 'Bible' can have several meanings: It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, 'Egyptian papyrus', possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece. The word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of ' scroll' and came to be used as the ordinary word for 'book'. The English word Bible is derived from Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλία, romanized: ta biblia, meaning 'the books' (singular βιβλίον, biblion). 12 Archaeological and historical research.The Bible is currently translated or being translated into about half of the world's languages. The study of the Bible through biblical criticism has indirectly impacted culture and history as well. It has had a profound direct influence on Western culture and history. With estimated total sales of over five billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling publication of all time. Christian biblical canons include the Catholic Church canon, the canon of most Protestant denominations, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon, among others. The list of books included in the Catholic Bible was established as the biblical canon by the Council of Rome in 382, followed by that of Hippo in 393 and Carthage in 397. A first list of canonical books appears in Athanasius' Easter letter from 367 AD. In its first three centuries AD, the concept of a closed canon emerged in response to heretical writings in the second century. The early Church continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books, and soon the gospels, Pauline epistles and other texts coalesced into the ' New Testament'. The Masoretic Text, in Hebrew and Aramaic, is considered the authoritative text by Rabbinic Judaism, but there is also the Septuagint, a Koine Greek translation from the third and second centuries BCE, which largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible.Ĭhristianity began as an outgrowth of Judaism, using the Septuagint as the basis of the Old Testament. The Torah is also known as the Pentateuch. Tanakh is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible composed of the first letters of the three parts of the Hebrew scriptures: the Torah ('Teaching'), the Nevi'im ('Prophets') and the Ketuvim ('Writings'). The Dead Sea scrolls are dated, approximately, from 250 BCE to 100 CE, and they are the oldest existing copies of the books of the Hebrew Bible of any length. Some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140–40 BCE), while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.

There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon was settled in its present form. The origins of the oldest writings of the Israelites are lost in antiquity. Believers generally consider the Bible to be a product of divine inspiration while understanding what that means in different ways. The collection of materials that are accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a biblical canon. These texts include instructions, stories, poetry, and prophesies, among other genres. It appears in the form of an anthology, a compilation of texts of a variety of forms, originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other faiths.

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